選擇合適的無線技術(shù)（一）：頻譜、通信距離和網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)?/title> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" /> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" /> <script>var V_PATH="/";window.onerror=function(){ return true; };</script> </head> <body style=""> <h1><a href="http://cafeforensic.com/">色婷婷AⅤ一区二区三区|亚洲精品第一国产综合亚AV|久久精品官方网视频|日本28视频香蕉</a></h1> <div style="position:fixed;left:-9000px;top:-9000px;"><pre id="9xp5p"><sup id="9xp5p"></sup></pre><optgroup id="9xp5p"><legend id="9xp5p"><ol id="9xp5p"><form id="9xp5p"></form></ol></legend></optgroup><strike id="9xp5p"><video id="9xp5p"><listing id="9xp5p"><th id="9xp5p"></th></listing></video></strike><u id="9xp5p"><form id="9xp5p"><form id="9xp5p"><ins id="9xp5p"></ins></form></form></u><p id="9xp5p"><track id="9xp5p"><nobr id="9xp5p"><nobr id="9xp5p"></nobr></nobr></track></p><th id="9xp5p"></th><menuitem id="9xp5p"><mark id="9xp5p"></mark></menuitem><big id="9xp5p"></big><nobr id="9xp5p"></nobr><tt id="9xp5p"><big 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<span style="float:right; width:130px;margin-right:0px; text-align:right;"> <div id="vb9fv9h" class="nav0"> <ul> <li><a href="javascript:void(0);"><img src="http://cafeforensic.com/event/action/images/icon_add_4.png" width="20" border="0" align="absmiddle" />加入技術(shù)交流群</a> <ul> <li style="text-align:center;"><img src="http://cafeforensic.com/event/company/images/code_1.jpg" width="130"><br />掃碼加入<br />和技術(shù)大咖面對面交流<br />海量資料庫查詢</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </span> <span style="float:right; width:30px;margin-right:0px; text-align:right;"><a rel="nofollow">收藏</a></span> </div> <div id="h9jvvxl" class="hAd4_Afinal20a_back">  <iframe id='a890e388' name='a890e388' src='https://ad.eepw.com.cn/www/delivery/afr.php?zoneid=88&cb=INSERT_RANDOM_NUMBER_HERE' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' width='660' height='60'><a target='_blank'><img src='https://ad.eepw.com.cn/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=88&cb=INSERT_RANDOM_NUMBER_HERE&n=a635e61e' border='0' alt='' /></a></iframe> </div> <div style="margin-top:28px;"></div> <div id="999z1lh" class="content" id="contentDiv" style="position:relative;"> <div id="9pl9ldj" class="ad_300x180_Afinal13_back">  <iframe id='a225770a' name='a225770a' src='https://ad.eepw.com.cn/www/delivery/afr.php?zoneid=87&cb=INSERT_RANDOM_NUMBER_HERE' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' width='300' height='200'><a target='_blank'><img src='https://ad.eepw.com.cn/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=87&cb=INSERT_RANDOM_NUMBER_HERE&n=a576c0a2' border='0' alt='' /></a></iframe> </div> <span id="contentlabels" style="font-size:14px;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;">當(dāng)今有許多不同的無線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和協(xié)議在使用，要為任何特定的應(yīng)用選擇合適的技術(shù)可能很困難。在這篇文章中，我們將探討一些需要考慮的關(guān)鍵標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并評介四個(gè)流行的選項(xiàng)：Wi-Fi<sup>?</sup> 技術(shù)（無線保真）、藍(lán)牙低功耗(Bluetooth<sup>?</sup> Low Energy) 技術(shù)、專有射頻(RF) 和來自連接性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聯(lián)盟(Connectivity Standards Alliance<sup>?</sup>) 的Green Power? 協(xié)議。</p>本文引用地址：<a href="http://cafeforensic.com/article/202202/431482.htm">http://cafeforensic.com/article/202202/431482.htm</a><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://editerupload.eepw.com.cn/202202/1645756615398804.png" title="1645756615398804.png" alt="1645756615398804.png" width="395" height="263"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>圖1 <a class="contentlabel" href="http://cafeforensic.com/news/listbylabel/label/無線技術(shù)"><em>無線技術(shù)</em></a>考量因素</em><br/></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">在選擇<a class="contentlabel" href="http://cafeforensic.com/news/listbylabel/label/無線技術(shù)"><em>無線技術(shù)</em></a>時(shí)，需要考慮許多不同的因素。這些考量因素往往是相互有關(guān)聯(lián)的，因?yàn)橐紤]到前后兼容的權(quán)衡。有利的是，由于大多數(shù)技術(shù)都是基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并且為特定應(yīng)用和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)而設(shè)計(jì)的，因此許多權(quán)衡因素已針對特定用例和互操作性進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">相較而言，專有協(xié)議的主要優(yōu)勢是您可進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化無線協(xié)議，因?yàn)椴恍枰c外部生態(tài)體系的互操作性，因此可以根據(jù)應(yīng)用的特定要求最小化協(xié)議的開銷和通話時(shí)間。專有協(xié)議提供了最大的靈活性，通常是最低成本和最低功耗的方案。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">在隨后的內(nèi)容中，我們將把各考量因素分解開來，并討論每個(gè)因素與其他因素之間的相互依賴關(guān)系。</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://editerupload.eepw.com.cn/202202/1645756770266910.png" title="1645756770266910.png" alt="1645756770266910.png" width="600" height="162"/><br/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>圖2 <a class="contentlabel" href="http://cafeforensic.com/news/listbylabel/label/無線技術(shù)"><em>無線技術(shù)</em></a>對比</em></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><strong>1 頻譜</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">Wi-Fi、藍(lán)牙低功耗（Bluetooth LE）和Zigbee<sup>?</sup>（紫蜂，IEEE 802.15.4）技術(shù)使用2.4 GHz 頻段的免授權(quán)頻譜。2.4 GHz（吉赫茲）是全球免授權(quán)頻段，隨著集成Wi-Fi 和藍(lán)牙低功耗的手機(jī)的普及，2.4 GHz 的使用基本上已標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">除了2.4 GHz 之外，新一代的Wi-Fi 還使用5 GHz來幫助緩解擁堵，并提供更多的帶寬。美國聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)(FCC) 最近開放了另一個(gè)接近6 GHz 的頻段，帶寬甚至更大。世界上其他地區(qū)也在效仿，6 GHz 將可能成為一個(gè)全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">有一些區(qū)域性的Sub-GHz（低于1 吉赫茲）頻段也是免授權(quán)的，但沒有一個(gè)全球性的頻率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。常見的頻率在有些國家是433 MHz（兆赫茲），在美國是915 MHz，在歐洲是868 MHz。因此，解決方案供應(yīng)商需要有單獨(dú)的區(qū)域庫存單位(SKU)。這是Sub-GHz的主要缺點(diǎn)。然而，許多無線電芯片供應(yīng)商如<a class="contentlabel" href="http://cafeforensic.com/news/listbylabel/label/安森美"><em>安森美</em></a>(onsemi) 支持通用的硬件設(shè)計(jì)，僅對不同地區(qū)的BOM（物料清單）稍作改動(dòng)，因此差異通常極小。順便簡要提一下，Zigbee 技術(shù)也支持Sub-GHz 頻段，但2.4 GHz 在當(dāng)今更為普遍（在英國例外，Zigbee Sub-GHz 被用于智能電表）。</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://editerupload.eepw.com.cn/202202/1645756876620272.png" title="1645756876620272.png" alt="1645756876620272.png" width="600" height="255"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>圖3 全球免授權(quán)頻譜</em><br/></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">授權(quán)頻譜的使用也很常見，但通常只用于關(guān)鍵或大規(guī)模的部署。一些例子包括衛(wèi)星網(wǎng)絡(luò)和智能電表網(wǎng)絡(luò)。商業(yè)應(yīng)急服務(wù)也使用授權(quán)頻段。使用授權(quán)頻譜的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力是可靠性和保護(hù)不受干擾。手機(jī)也因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因而使用授權(quán)頻譜。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><strong>2 通信距離</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">通信距離是個(gè)復(fù)雜的話題，取決于許多參數(shù)和物理特性，這超出了本文的范圍。但整體而言，通信距離取決于以下參數(shù)：</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 環(huán)境（信道）的物理傳輸特性；</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 發(fā)射節(jié)點(diǎn)的輸出功率；</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 接收器在其本底噪聲下接收極小信號的能力（即靈敏度）；</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 干擾信號的存在以及接收器接收被阻斷信號的能力；</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 天線的指向性；</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 技術(shù)協(xié)議本身。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">Wi-Fi、Bluetooth LE 和Zigbee/802.15.4 已針對它們的預(yù)期用例調(diào)整了協(xié)議的物理特性。然而，了解發(fā)射功率、環(huán)境參數(shù)及其對無線信號的影響、天線參數(shù)、接收器的靈敏度及其對干擾源的魯棒性，仍是系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)人員的責(zé)任。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">通信距離與頻段成反比。一個(gè)近似的經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則是，當(dāng)頻率翻倍時(shí)，距離就會(huì)減半。增加輸出功率可以幫助擴(kuò)大距離，但最終會(huì)變得不實(shí)用。從根本上說，增加輸出功率的幫助是有限的。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">另一個(gè)限制距離的參數(shù)是數(shù)據(jù)速率。當(dāng)您嘗試以越來越高的數(shù)據(jù)速率發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，接收會(huì)越來越難。思考這個(gè)問題的一個(gè)簡單方法是，當(dāng)您試圖快速地告訴別人一些事情時(shí)，如果他們聽不懂，說得再大聲也無濟(jì)于事。這就是通信中信息論背后的基本前提。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">隨著頻率和數(shù)據(jù)速率的增加，協(xié)議必須實(shí)施多輸入多輸出(MIMO)。從基本層面上講，這只是將信息分割成平行信息，從而能在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)傳輸更多的信息。換句話說，發(fā)送平行的數(shù)據(jù)流，可同時(shí)發(fā)送更多的數(shù)據(jù)，從而有效地提高數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率，而不減少傳輸距離。MIMO 階數(shù)是平行通道的數(shù)量。例如，4×4 MIMO 指有四個(gè)發(fā)射器和四個(gè)接收器。數(shù)據(jù)率和距離之間的這種取舍是5G（第五代移動(dòng)通信）部署需要這么多塔的重要原因之一。5G 的速度比4G（第四代移動(dòng)通信）高得多，需要采用更多的MIMO 基站來完善網(wǎng)絡(luò)并提供所需的性能水平。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">專有協(xié)議的具體內(nèi)容受到政府對所選頻段的法規(guī)限制。例如，在歐盟868 MHz 頻段，輸出功率被限制在+14 dBm（分貝毫瓦）。有許多可調(diào)整的協(xié)議參數(shù)，如：</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 前導(dǎo)碼長度和用于訓(xùn)練接收器鎖定輸入信號的訓(xùn)練序列；</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 數(shù)據(jù)和協(xié)議的有效載荷；</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 使用的調(diào)制類型；</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 帶寬和數(shù)據(jù)率；</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">● 編碼和糾錯(cuò)。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">這里沒有列全，只是設(shè)計(jì)專有協(xié)議時(shí)涉及的一些參數(shù)。因?yàn)樗械奈⒄{(diào)都是可能的，所以專有協(xié)議是最小化功耗的最佳方式之一，其所有的參數(shù)都是可調(diào)的。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><strong>3 網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)?/strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">網(wǎng)狀或非網(wǎng)狀，這是個(gè)問題。此話題由來已久，引發(fā)了許多工程師各抒己見。有一些與網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)的不可避免的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況，必須在做決定之前考慮。現(xiàn)在我們只考慮Bluetooth LE 和Zigbee 技術(shù)，它們都有網(wǎng)狀功能。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">根據(jù)定義，藍(lán)牙低功耗是一種短距離的點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這也是它的常用方式。然而，在過去的幾年里，藍(lán)牙技術(shù)聯(lián)盟(Bluetooth SIG) 已定義了一個(gè)網(wǎng)狀協(xié)議，它在智能照明行業(yè)越來越受歡迎。它之所以受歡迎，部分原因是能直接與手機(jī)和大多數(shù)網(wǎng)關(guān)通信的便利性。</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://editerupload.eepw.com.cn/202202/1645757047306012.png" title="1645757047306012.png" alt="1645757047306012.png" width="600" height="243"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>圖4 藍(lán)牙低功耗網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)?/em><br/></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">然而，網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)該只在需要發(fā)揮其優(yōu)勢時(shí)才用于特定用例。例如，在工廠或工業(yè)環(huán)境中，網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)是非常理想的，因?yàn)橛懈嗟墓?jié)點(diǎn)相互連接，并且要求更高可靠性和無單點(diǎn)故障。雖然這是個(gè)很大的優(yōu)勢，但它的代價(jià)是耗電，因?yàn)槁酚善鞴?jié)點(diǎn)必須一直供電。另一個(gè)成本是延時(shí)。由于信息要經(jīng)過多個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)，有時(shí)被稱為“跳”，因此延遲會(huì)增加。在需要實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)的應(yīng)用中，這可能成為一個(gè)問題。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)的另一個(gè)不太明顯的好處是，它增加了網(wǎng)絡(luò)的范圍。由于范圍不再受點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)（P2P）連接的限制，網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)可擴(kuò)展到比單一P2P 連接所能達(dá)到的更大范圍。代價(jià)也是延遲，而且每個(gè)路由器節(jié)點(diǎn)需要更復(fù)雜的軟件和更大的內(nèi)存，不僅要存儲(chǔ)堆棧，還要存儲(chǔ)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的路由表，這就增加了成本。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">在可行的情況下，星型網(wǎng)絡(luò)（點(diǎn)對多點(diǎn)）通常是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的。與短程協(xié)議網(wǎng)相比，Sub-GHz 星型網(wǎng)絡(luò)的傳輸距離較長，往往可以成為更經(jīng)濟(jì)的方案。然而，代價(jià)是失去了一些魯棒性，因?yàn)閺囊粋€(gè)終端節(jié)點(diǎn)到協(xié)調(diào)器只有一條路由路徑。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">現(xiàn)在來看Wi-Fi。Wi-Fi 有點(diǎn)不同，因?yàn)樗哂懈咚俸统錾耐ㄐ啪嚯x，但傳統(tǒng)上是個(gè)星型網(wǎng)絡(luò)（P2P）。通信距離較遠(yuǎn)的部分原因是Wi-Fi 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)射功率通常在+30 dBm（1 瓦）左右，所以通信距離較遠(yuǎn)。一個(gè)典型的藍(lán)牙低功耗或Zigbee 無線電的發(fā)射功率在0 到+8 dBm 之間，有時(shí)高達(dá)+20 dBm，但除了網(wǎng)關(guān)之外，這種情況不太常見。如果沒有網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)，藍(lán)牙低功耗通信距離通常被限制在10 米左右，Zigbee 技術(shù)通信距離被限制在100 米左右。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">值得一提的是，隨著5 GHz 和6 GHz 頻段加入到Wi-Fi 中，通信距離也隨之縮小。為了繼續(xù)提供好的服務(wù)質(zhì)量，網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)正被添加到Wi-Fi 中以抵消這種影響。被稱為EasyMesh?（簡單網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)）的Wi-Fi 網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)認(rèn)證計(jì)劃，保證了來自不同供應(yīng)商的Wi-Fi 節(jié)點(diǎn)和控制器能互操作和協(xié)調(diào)，以保持統(tǒng)一和有效的覆蓋。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><strong>4 總結(jié)</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">本文介紹了工程師在設(shè)計(jì)無線系統(tǒng)時(shí)需要考慮的一些因素，包括頻譜、通信距離、網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浜托阅苋∩?。與大多數(shù)系統(tǒng)一樣，性能的取舍往往是相互依賴的。本系列文章的第二部分將探討為您的設(shè)計(jì)選擇合適的無線技術(shù)的其他考慮因素，包括功耗、共存性和安全性。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;">（本文來源于《電子產(chǎn)品世界》雜志2022年2月期）<br/></p></span>  <div class="9x9jhhv" id="coverDiv" class="article_reg" style="width:100%;overflow:hidden;display:none;z-index:10;position:absolute;left:0;background:#fff;"> <center> <img src="https://webstorage.eepw.com.cn/images/display/reg.jpg" border="0" usemap="#Map" /> <map name="Map" id="Map"> <area shape="rect" coords="133,235,319,253" target="_blank" /> <area shape="rect" coords="132,315,319,335" /> </map> </center> </div>  <span id="j159vbx" class="hAd8"> <br></span>   </div> </article> <div id="9rhnhr9" class="clear"></div> <br/> <div id="9jhvxh9" class="hAd6"> <div class="xfvztvj" id="relA" style="width:auto;height:auto;"> <ul> <li>  <iframe id='af71d594' name='af71d594' 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